According to the Alabama Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy, Alabama surpasses all eastern states in plant and animal diversity, ranking fifth in the nation after California, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Alabama ranks first in the nation in freshwater species diversity, including more than 750 species of freshwater fishes, mussels, aquatic snails, and crayfishes. Unfortunately, no state east of the Colorado has more wildlife species at risk than Alabama. Only Hawaii, California, and Nevada have more imperiled species, and only Hawaii has lost more species to extinction. Mankind’s alteration of Alabama’s natural landscape and waterways has contributed to the extinction or extirpation of more than 100 animal species.29 In the Black Belt region of Alabama, conservation is becoming a higher priority in order to preserve the beauty and uniqueness of the natural landscape for future generations. The site of Old Cahawba is one example of renewed conservation in the Black Belt’s natural landscape. Cahawba became Alabama’s first capital city in 1819, but by the Civil War, the very actions that created wealthy Cahawba, destroyed it, through the loss of topsoil due to cotton production and the sediment in the rivers. However, Old Cahawba’s narrative is not a tale of destruction. Recently, it has become a story centered on possibility and restoration. Old Cahawba’s unique location at the intersection of the Blackland Prairie and Alabama’s last largest free-flowing river, the Cahaba River, offers, in one compact viewing location, a wide variety of terrestrial and riverine habitat types and the contiguous gradients between. Aquatic wildlife is being restored to the rivers that surround this site on three sides, and on the fourth side, along the entry road to the historic park, prairie restoration is about to begin. The nature trail and canoe launch at Old Cahawba were designed to provide visitors a personal, up-close, experience with several different wildlife habitats and micro-environments. On the western side of the Black Belt, the Black Belt Prairie Conservation and Research Institute (BBCRI) was established in 2007 as a unit of the Center for the Study of the Black Belt at The University of West Alabama to raise public awareness of the disappearing Black Belt Prairie. BBCRI is working with The Nature Conservancy of Alabama and other partners to determine the ecological and environmental research needs of the region. Additionally, the BBCRI is charged with the task of identifying habitats and species unique to the Black Belt and working with state agencies to determine the best ecological and environmental practices for the management and restoration of the unique habitats within the Black Belt. The Tuskegee National Forest, on the eastern side of the Black Belt, initiated a Longleaf Pine Restoration Initiative in May 2005 to restore approximately 796 acres to longleaf pine by clear-cutting with reserves, commercially thinning approximately 337 acres of upland pines and pre-commercially thinning approximately 40 acres of upland sites for an approximate total of 1,173 acres of treatment over the next five years. The purpose of this project is to improve the health of the Tuskegee National Forest through restoring the Longleaf Pine ecosystem, which once spanned about 90 million acres, of which only three million acres now remain.30 This decline has contributed to over 30 plant and animal species (within the entire ecosystem) currently listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. The conservation of wildlife exemplifies another important focus in the Black Belt; the Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center and the Oakmulgee Wildlife Management Area. The Alabama Aquatic Biodiversity Center (AABC) is the largest state non-game recovery program of its kind in the United States. Located in Perry County, AABC restores threatened or endangered species of mollusks and fish through propagation and restoration. By restoring and conserving these species, AABC aids in clean water efforts in Alabama’s waterways. The 44,000-acre Oakmulgee Wildlife Management Area, one of Alabama’s oldest and most successful federal-state governmental partnerships, is the second Wildlife Management Area in the country to implement a deer staging area for restocking and restoring whitetail deer populations throughout Alabama. Black Belt residents are demonstrating a fresh interest in the health and well-being of the natural landscape of the Black Belt. Local citizens are working to restore and safeguard the environment, clean polluted waterways, preserve habitats, protect threatened and endangered species, promote sustainable practices and encourage wholesome recreational activities—birding, hiking, camping and canoeing—on public lands. Simultaneously, new business ventures—such as catfish farming and experiential tourism—take into account environmental realities and impact as well as economic opportunities. The Alabama Black Belt Heritage Area is taking the lead in improving the public’s level of understanding and need for stewardship of Alabama’s fish and wildlife, and their habitats, through educational outreach in the Black Belt, via a grant provided by The Conservation Fund. All told, this emerging public ethic of stewardship for the region’s natural landscape parallels the development of renewed pride in the Black Belt’s homegrown traditions, and resonates with principles and practices espoused by Booker T. Washington and his Tuskegee colleagues over 100 years ago.